Dear Chostany,
The previous answers fully and competently addressed how to become a professional astronomer. However there are plenty of other ways to get actively involved with astronomy. I am personally an engineer working in an astronomical observatory as well as an amateur astronomer and I enjoy both a lot. So here are some more ideas.
Astronomical observatories, NASA, ESA, national laboratories employ a lot of engineers and technicians to build and run their facilities, instruments, satellites, spacecrafts and the infrastructure supporting them. As an engineer or technician you can be involved with the production of such wonderful pictures as shown on APOD and you are in close contact with many astronomers and their research. The kinds of studies leading to these careers are:
- physics degree or engineering degree (master or PhD) in optics, mechanics (big and fine), electronics, software (control software of instruments, data reduction software, archiving of data, database engineer...), project management, system engineering and related disciplines. Many universities even provide specializations (end of master or post-master) in aerospace, astronomical instrumentation etc...
- technical degrees in optics, fine mechanics, mechanical drawing, electronics, software... Think about all the people who have to build physically these instrument, not forgetting or inverting any screw or cable, keeping care of the proper optical alignment without leaving a finger print in the middle of the lenses
. They are as important as the astronomers who specify the instruments and as the engineers who design them and plan the projects. Think also about the people who have to operate the instruments night after night without making an error.
University level studies involve a fair amount of mathematics but not really "exceptional" math skills. Of course you should not be allergic to math. All the science and the engineering fields are based on maths to analyze large quantities of data on a meaningful way, to model complex systems etc... The funny thing in my case is that most of the mathematical concepts that I found strange and useless during my studies are the ones I use now the most. And the ones that I found beautiful and great are useless for me now. So my advise would be: be open, try to absorb (understand) as much as you can and you will be able to remember and go back to the right technique when you will have a use for it.
Technical studies as described above have a lighter requirement with respect to mathematics and are less long. The studies are more oriented toward hands-on skills and professional training on-the-job. They require agile fingers, patience, calm, perseverance and a lot of practical knowledge.
One finishes a master (engineering studies) at the usual age of ~23 (if no loss of year and if no exceptional trajectory). If you add a PhD, count 3 to 4 (or more) years for it. Technical studies are faster (age of 18 to 21 year-old depending on content, country...). You get professional experience during it (unpaid or paid), and some "real" job quicker.
Both engineering and technical studies have a wide range of applications and could offer you a stable job relatively fast ... allowing you to wait for the right opportunity to get a job related to astronomy. One is missing engineers and good technicians worldwide. To be an astronomer, you usually have to go for it straight (master, PhD, post-docs) and you stay a long time on short term contracts, moving you all around the world. It can be nice and it is very enriching culturally but it can also be stressful with a family or in case of financial difficulties.
I know several engineers who then did a PhD in astronomy and became astronomers; and several astronomers who had to go to working for banks, insurance companies, consulting companies ... but remained very active as amateur astronomers (e.g. teaching young people in astronomy camps, writing astronomical software...). And technicians can get continuous education and acquire university diplomas if needed, or just being recognized as *the* experts on this or that kind of system or discipline. So the different career paths are permeable.
Now to the question " What would it really take for me to achieve my goal?" my answer would be:
whatever you choose as studies you need enthusiasm, perseverance, an open and curious mind. Do not satisfy yourself with the minimum you can do, try to stretch yourself. Be constructive, positive.
And do not hesitate to apply to a job that interests you even if you have the impression that you are not fully qualified for it. The worse thing that can happen is to receive a polite "no" and you would be at the same point as if you have not applied, no worse. Just do not be discouraged. You need to have some luck to get a job in astronomy but you have to be attentive and ready to catch it when it passes by.
And another idea. There are many people working in astronomy "public outreach": astronomers, engineers but also graphical designers, communicators, teachers ... That could be another approach but I am not competent to help you with the kind of studies that can lead you there.
Hope this helps and good luck in your studies and career.
Happy New Year,
Francoise.