ESO: The Rich Colours of a Cosmic Seagull (Sh 2-292)

[bystander]

The Rich Colours of a Cosmic Seagull
European Southern Observatory | 2012 Sep 26

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This new image from ESO’s La Silla Observatory shows part of a stellar nursery nicknamed the Seagull Nebula. This cloud of gas, formally called Sharpless 2-292, seems to form the head of the seagull and glows brightly due to the energetic radiation from a very hot young star lurking at its heart. The detailed view was produced by the Wide Field Imager on the MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope.

Nebulae are among the most visually impressive objects in the night sky. They are interstellar clouds of dust, molecules, hydrogen, helium and other ionised gases where new stars are being born. Although they come in different shapes and colours many share a common characteristic: when observed for the first time, their odd and evocative shapes trigger astronomers’ imaginations and lead to curious names. This dramatic region of star formation, which has acquired the nickname of the Seagull Nebula, is no exception.

This new image from the Wide Field Imager on the MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope at ESO’s La Silla Observatory in Chile shows the head part of the Seagull Nebula ^[1]. It is just one part of the larger nebula known more formally as IC 2177, which spreads its wings with a span of over 100 light-years and resembles a seagull in flight. This cloud of gas and dust is located about 3700 light-years away from Earth. The entire bird shows up best in wide-field images.

The Seagull Nebula lies just on the border between the constellations of Monoceros (The Unicorn) and Canis Major (The Great Dog) and is close to Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky. The nebula lies more than four hundred times further away than the famous star.

The complex of gas and dust that forms the head of the seagull glows brightly in the sky due to the strong ultraviolet radiation coming mostly from one brilliant young star — HD 53367 ^[2] — that can be spotted in the centre of the image and could be taken to be the seagull’s eye.

Seagull Nebula (IC 2177) Credit: ESO/DSS2/Davide De Martin

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The radiation from the young stars causes the surrounding hydrogen gas to glow with a rich red colour and become an HII region ^[3]. Light from the hot blue-white stars is also scattered off the tiny dust particles in the nebula to create a contrasting blue haze in some parts of the picture.

Although a small bright clump in the Seagull Nebula complex was observed for the first time by the German-British astronomer Sir William Herschel back in 1785, the part shown here had to await photographic discovery about a century later.

1. Notes:
   
   [*] This object has received many other names through the years — it is known as Sh 2-292, RCW 2 and Gum 1. The name Sh 2-292 means that the object is the #292 in the second Sharpless catalogue of HII regions, published in 1959. The RCW number refers to the catalogue compiled by Rodgers, Campbell and Whiteoak and published in 1960. This object was also the first in an earlier list of southern nebulae compiled by Colin Gum, and published in 1955.
   
   [*] HD 53367 is a young star with twenty times the mass of our Sun. It is classified as a Be star, which are a type of B star with prominent hydrogen emission lines in its spectrum. This star has a five solar mass companion in a highly elliptical orbit.
   
   [*] HII regions are so named as they consist of ionised hydrogen (H) in which the electrons are no longer bound to protons. HI is the term used for un-ionised, or neutral, hydrogen. The red glow from HII regions occurs because the protons and electrons recombine and in the process emit energy at certain well-defined wavelengths or colours. One such prominent transition (called hydrogen alpha, or H-alpha) leads to the strong red colour.

Credit: ESO

[Ann]

Yes, the star HD 53367, the ionizing source of emission nebula Sharpless 2-292, is indeed classified as a Be star by the link given to us in bystander's post. My software, on the other hand, classifies it as a B0IV:e star. But there is something fishy with both classifications.

The author of the ESO post quoted by bystander wrote (or quoted another source):

HD 53367 is a young star with twenty times the mass of our Sun. It is classified as a Be star, which are a type of B star with prominent hydrogen emission lines in its spectrum. This star has a five solar mass companion in a highly elliptical orbit.

A star whose mass is twenty times the mass of the Sun is going to become an O-type star. Professor Jim Kaler wrote about 10 Lacertae, a well-known and very young star of spectral type O9V:

From a surface heated to a quite-amazing 32,000 Kelvin, it radiates a with a luminosity of 26,800 Suns (the majority of the light in the invisible ultraviolet), from which we derive a radius 4.7 times that of the Sun and a great mass of 16 times solar.

As for HD 53367, we may not that it is quite heavily reddened. We can actually see a thick black dust lane snaking in front of the star, except that it appears to have been cleared away just where it passes the star. But obviously there is still a lot of dust between us and the star deflecting away much of its light. Indeed the apparent color and brightness of this intrinsically bright blue star shows it to have lost a lot of light due to the surrounding dust. The star's B-V index is +0.36, which is far more appropriate for an F-type star than for one of spectral class B. Its luminosity, as derived from its apparent brightness and its distance from us calculated from parallax, is 88 times the luminosity of the Sun. That's ridiculously low for a hot young star surrounded by a significant emission nebula.

Has this star already run through its main sequence lifetime and evolved into a larger but cooler star of spectral class B? I find that unlikely. There are other blue stars in the Seagull Nebula which are classified as B0IV stars, but they are not surrounded by such obvious emission nebulae, and therefore they don't appear to be equally young. The shape of the Seagull suggests to me that star formation is running from the left part of the picture to the right part of it. Admittedly the bright "ridge" running along the length of the Seagull nebula suggests that star formation may be going on on both sides of it, blowing remaining gas into a ridge. But if it is true that star formation on the right side of the ridge has started later than the star formation on the left of it, then HD 53367 ought to be one of the youngest of the bright blue stars here. But if it is so massive and so young, why isn't it an O-type star?

Ann

[bystander]

A star whose mass is twenty times the mass of the Sun is going to become an O-type star.

The RCW catalog has HD 53367 (RCW 2) listed as a B0IV:e subgiant. SIMBAD lists it as Be.