Starship Asterisk*

the Arches have their geometry because they contain hot plasma flowing along lines of constant magnetic field. Recent images from the Chandra X-ray Observatory appear to show this plasma colliding with a nearby cloud of cold gas

Thus the term "plasma" was first used to describe partially (if not weakly) ionized gases. The term plasma apparently did not find immediate widespread use in the scientific community. It did eventually catch on, however, but in some cases the term was inappropriately limited to highly ionized gases.

I head the nuclear theory group at Columbia. Our work concentrates on the physics of ultra-dense nuclear matter, called the quark-gluon plasma.

Plasmas are a combination of neutrals, ions, electrons and fields that have conductive and collective effects and where interparticle dynamics is not dominated simply by binary collisions. This condition applies for most astrophysical systems. Even though space plasmas usually maintain quasi-neutrality to within less than about 1 part per million, there can still be substantial currents, convection, plasma flows, plasma waves and shocks and other plasma effects that interconnect plasmas over vast expanse as demonstrated by direct measurements of solar system space plasmas. Radio jets, interstellar shocks, stellar systems (especially neutron stars), and many astrophysical phenomena now appear to involve important plasma effects.

The dark matter is concentrated into a web-like distribution of filaments that intersect at dense nodes where great clusters of galaxies are expected to form and become visible.

Shooting out from 3C175 is a thin jet of protons and electrons traveling near the speed of light that is over one million light-years long

The X-ray emission is thought to be produced when energetic electrons from the radio filaments collide with the cold gas cloud, which has a mass one million times the mass of the Sun. This process of the bombardment of cold gas clouds with energetic electrons could explain the origin of the mysterious X-ray ridge along the plane of the galaxy that was discovered nearly 30 years ago.

Shooting out from 3C175 is a thin jet of protons and electrons traveling near the speed of light that is over one million light-years long. The jet acts like a particle cannon and bores through gas cloud in its path. How this jet forms and why it is so narrow remain topics of current research.

We conclude that our results are generally consistent with a fairly simple relativistic jet model and with the unification of core-dominated quasars, lobe-dominated quasars, and possibly even powerful radio galaxies; there is a marginal suggestion that the quasars in our samples have a restricted range of angles to the line of sight (e.g., 0 deg to ~45 deg).

harry wrote:Hello Orin


Plasma Cosmology is heading to become the main theme in the ongoing of the Universe.

If you noticed I did not say the Origin of the Universe.