APOD and General Astronomy Discussion Forum
https://asterisk.apod.com/
http://www.cosmos.swin.edu.au/entries/p ... ation.htmlFe gets broken down into its separate subatomic particles, (protons, neutrons, and electrons) and these recombine to form fresh hydrogen.
The Sun’s radiant energy and protons in the solar wind (SW) come from the collapsed supernova core, a neutron star (NS), on which the Sun formed. The cradle (Figs. 9-12) indicates that the energy of each neutron in the Sun’s central NS exceeds that of a free neutron by @ 10-22 MeV (Figs. 13-15) Solar luminosity and the flux of solar-wind protons are generated by a series of reactions (Fig. 16): a) escape of neutrons from the central NS, decay of free neutrons or their capture by other nuclides, c) fusion and upward migration of H+ through material that accreted on the NS, and d) escape of H+ in the SW. An example might be:
a) The escape of neutrons from the NS, <1n> –> 1n + 10-22 MeV
The decay of free neutrons, 1n –> 1H+ + e- + nanti + 0.78 MeV
c) Fusion of hydrogen, 4 1H+ + 2 e- –> 4He++ + 2 n + 26.73 MeV
d) Some H+ reaches the surface and departs in the solar wind
Reactions like a) and
produce part of the Sun’s radiant energy and perhaps the luminosity of isolated neutron stars25. Note that reaction a) alone may release more energy per nucleon than is released by the sum of reactions
and c), the decay or capture of neutrons plus H-fusion. The well-established Solar Neutrino Puzzle26 confirms that reaction c) generates only part of the Sun’s total luminosity. Most 1H+ from
is consumed by H-fusion, but the anomalous abundance of H (See Fig.
shows that 1H+ also leaks from the interior, selectively carrying lighter nuclides to the solar surface (See Fig. 6) before departing in the solar wind at an emission rate of about 2.7 x 1043 1H/yr. Homochirality in living creatures26 was likely initiated by circularly polarized light (CPL) from the Sun’s early NS. Their fate and climate changes of planets27 may depend on the half-life of this massive nucleus at the Sun’s core.
Photodisintegration in the core of a collapsing, high-mass star does indeed destroy the nuclei of iron atoms, rendering them back into protons and neutrons (effectively neutrons and hydrogen). Unfortunately, none of this really gets to escape back out into the universe-at-large, as it promptly collapses (the photodisintegration process gobbles up massive amounts of energy that would otherwise be holding the core up against collapse), forcing protons and electrons to merge... and you end up with a neutron star.BMAONE23 wrote:I think Harry is implying (and correct me Harry if I am wrong) that the Fe gets broken down into its separate subatomic particles, (protons, neutrons, and electrons) and these recombine to form fresh hydrogen.
Does that sum it up???
These two reactions consume energy, since fusion of light elements up to iron releases energy, as in the sun, or, if you will, in a hydrogen bomb. Iron has one of the most tightly bound nuclei of all elements in terms of binding energy per nucleon, so neither fission nor fusion of iron will generate energy; rather, all nuclear reactions will tend toward producing iron.harry wrote:There are a few energy balances that need to be accounted.
The chain reaction of the iron broken down to Helium,,,,,,,energy release
The Helium broken down to atoms,,,,,,,energy release
How does this theory account for conservation of energy? Is this regeneration cycle supposed to continue forever for all stars? What happens to all the energy lost into space during the sun's lifetime(s)? It has to come from somewhere. By extension of the "neutron core sun", do much more massive stars have black holes as their cores?harry wrote:This neutron core eventually gave birth to a new solar envelope as we know it with its varies layers of elements.
http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/space/ ... acont.htmlAs the mass of the star's iron core approaches 1.4 solar masses (due to continued silicon and sulfur burning in a thin shell adjacent to the iron core), a dramatic sequence of events is being triggered:
Iron Core Collapse
Gravity, which up to now was balanced by the outward force of the pressure, decisively gains the upper hand and the iron core collapses.
In less than a second, the core collapses from a size of about 5,000 miles to one of about a dozen miles, and an enormous amount of energy is released. This collapse happens so fast that the star's outer layers have no time to react and participate in it.
The amount of energy that is released during core collapse is truly gigantic -- it is equivalent to the energy produced by 100 stars like the Sun during their entire lifetimes of more than 10 billion years!
Most of the energy released during the collapse of the iron core is carried off into space by elusive particles called neutrinos. A small fraction of the energy is deposited in the lower layers of the envelope surrounding the core and triggers the supernova explosion.
The energy deposited in the lower layers of the envelope creates a superstrong shock wave that runs outward through the envelope toward the star's surface.
As the shock wave runs outward, it heats the envelope, induces explosive nuclear burning, and ejects the envelope at speeds of thousands of miles per second (i.e., in excess of 10 million miles/hour).
It is during this phase that elements heavier than iron are being manufactured.
When the shock wave reaches the star's surface, it very quickly heats the surface layers and brightens them. Within a day or two the exploding star becomes brighter than a billion Suns.
The result of these events is a compact stellar remnant and a rapidly expanding gaseous shell.
The stellar remnant is a neutron star or a black hole.
The expanding gaseous shell plows into the surrounding interstellar medium, and pushes, compresses, and intermingles with it. Such regions of the interstellar medium are known as supernova remnants.
The Sun and its planetary system formed from heterogeneous debris1-11 of a supernova (SN) that exploded 5 billion years ago12,13. Meteorites and planets recorded this as decay products of short-lived nuclides and linked variations in elemental and isotopic abundances. Cores of the inner planets grew in the central iron-rich region of the SN debris, and the Sun formed on the collapsed SN core. See Figs. 1-5.
The Sun’s radiant energy and protons in the solar wind (SW) come from the collapsed supernova core, a neutron star (NS), on which the Sun formed. The cradle (Figs. 9-12) indicates that the energy of each neutron in the Sun’s central NS exceeds that of a free neutron by @ 10-22 MeV (Figs. 13-15) Solar luminosity and the flux of solar-wind protons are generated by a series of reactions (Fig. 16): a) escape of neutrons from the central NS, b) decay of free neutrons or their capture by other nuclides, c) fusion and upward migration of H+ through material that accreted on the NS, and d) escape of H+ in the SW. An example might be:
a) The escape of neutrons from the NS, <1n> –> 1n + 10-22 MeV
b) The decay of free neutrons, 1n –> 1H+ + e- + nanti + 0.78 MeV
c) Fusion of hydrogen, 4 1H+ + 2 e- –> 4He++ + 2 n + 26.73 MeV
d) Some H+ reaches the surface and departs in the solar wind
====================================Reactions like a) and b) produce part of the Sun’s radiant energy and perhaps the luminosity of isolated neutron stars25. Note that reaction a) alone may release more energy per nucleon than is released by the sum of reactions b) and c), the decay or capture of neutrons plus H-fusion. The well-established Solar Neutrino Puzzle26 confirms that reaction c) generates only part of the Sun’s total luminosity. Most 1H+ from b) is consumed by H-fusion, but the anomalous abundance of H (See Fig. 8) shows that 1H+ also leaks from the interior, selectively carrying lighter nuclides to the solar surface (See Fig. 6) before departing in the solar wind at an emission rate of about 2.7 x 1043 1H/yr. Homochirality in living creatures26 was likely initiated by circularly polarized light (CPL) from the Sun’s early NS. Their fate and climate changes of planets27 may depend on the half-life of this massive nucleus at the Sun’s core.
Slow down progress??????Mr Skeptic making statements like that is not very scientific. I have come across people like you and their effect is to slow down progress.
I skimmed over a few of them *shudder*...looks like speculative fiction. I almost laughed out loud at the discordant conclusions. For example, how does this make sense:harry wrote:Hello Pete
Pete read these papers and let me know what you think.
http://www.omatumr.com/abstracts2006/NuclearCycleCosmos.pdf wrote:Thus, the occurrence of a neutron star in the core of the Sun, in its precursor, and in other ordinary stars [3-9] implies that:
a.) Stellar explosions may expose, but do not necessarily produce, the neutron stars that are seen in stellar debris; and
b.) Neutron stars at the centers of ordinary stars were not produced one-at-a-time in SN explosions but were more abundantly made in higher energy events, such as galactic collisions that likely altered or produced the current Milky Way.
the same article wrote:Collisions are highly disruptive to all components of the galaxies, including the nucleus, and astronomers observe the collisional energy in many puzzling forms - quasars, gamma ray bursts, and active galactic centers (AGN). The extreme turbulence of active galactic nuclei (AGN) suggests the interactive presence of massive gravitational concentrations, possibly black holes [23] or super-massive neutron stars that fragment explosively [24] into the multiple neutron stars that then serve as formation sites of new stars. Struck notes in the abstract of his review paper that “Galactic collisions may trigger the formation of a large fraction of all the stars ever
formed, and play a key role in fueling active galactic nuclei” [ref. 22, p. 1].
What's up with the iron core? I thought you were trying to support the theory that neutron star cores are the main energy source of stars...harry wrote:Pete Your above logic is wrong.
We may have to look at first the process involved in a supernova.
http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/space/ ... th_3a.htmlAs the mass of the star's iron core approaches 1.4 solar masses (due to continued silicon and sulfur burning in a thin shell adjacent to the iron core), a dramatic sequence of events is being triggered:
Iron Core Collapse
Gravity, which up to now was balanced by the outward force of the pressure, decisively gains the upper hand and the iron core collapses.
In less than a second, the core collapses from a size of about 5,000 miles to one of about a dozen miles, and an enormous amount of energy is released. This collapse happens so fast that the star's outer layers have no time to react and participate in it.
The amount of energy that is released during core collapse is truly gigantic -- it is equivalent to the energy produced by 100 stars like the Sun during their entire lifetimes of more than 10 billion years!
Most of the energy released during the collapse of the iron core is carried off into space by elusive particles called neutrinos. A small fraction of the energy is deposited in the lower layers of the envelope surrounding the core and triggers the supernova explosion.
Material falling onto a mere white dwarf explosively fuses well before a full star accretes, and WD's are much, much less dense and less massive than the lightest neutron stars. "Neutron star novas" are similar to, but more violent than, regular (white dwarf) novas: infalling matter from a binary companion explosively fuses. There's no way for star matter to even exist on a neutron star, let alone accrete to the size of, say, the sun. Of course, there's also the little problem (pointed out a while ago on these forums) that the theoretical lower limit of the mass of a neutron star is greater than one solar mass.harry wrote:Lets look at our sun as an example.
http://web.umr.edu/~om/report_to_fcr/report_to_fcr1.htm
The Sun and its planetary system formed from heterogeneous debris1-11 of a supernova (SN) that exploded 5 billion years ago12,13. Meteorites and planets recorded this as decay products of short-lived nuclides and linked variations in elemental and isotopic abundances. Cores of the inner planets grew in the central iron-rich region of the SN debris, and the Sun formed on the collapsed SN core. See Figs. 1-5.
In case Qev is still temporarily out of commission from hammering this point homeharry wrote:Reactions like a) and b) produce part of the Sun’s radiant energy and perhaps the luminosity of isolated neutron stars25. Note that reaction a) alone may release more energy per nucleon than is released by the sum of reactions b) and c), the decay or capture of neutrons plus H-fusion. The well-established Solar Neutrino Puzzle26 confirms that reaction c) generates only part of the Sun’s total luminosity. Most 1H+ from b) is consumed by H-fusion, but the anomalous abundance of H (See Fig. 8) shows that 1H+ also leaks from the interior, selectively carrying lighter nuclides to the solar surface (See Fig. 6) before departing in the solar wind at an emission rate of about 2.7 x 1043 1H/yr. Homochirality in living creatures26 was likely initiated by circularly polarized light (CPL) from the Sun’s early NS. Their fate and climate changes of planets27 may depend on the half-life of this massive nucleus at the Sun’s core.
, I'll restate it: there is no solar neutrino problem. Please look it up: http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/scienceques2002/20030117.htm for starters.Repulsive interactions between neutrons in compact stellar cores cause luminosity and a steady outflow of hydrogen from stellar surfaces. Neutron repulsion in more massive compact objects made by gravitational collapse produces violent, energetic, cosmological events (quasars, gamma ray bursts, and active galactic centers) that had been attributed to black holes before neutron repulsion was recognized. Rather than evolving in one direction by fusion, nuclear matter on the cosmological scale cycles between fusion, gravitational collapse, and dissociation (including neutron-emission). This cycle involves neither the production of matter in an initial “Big Bang” nor the disappearance of matter into black holes. The similarity Bohr noted between atomic and planetary structures extends to a similarity between nuclear and stellar structures.
Maybe I'm a transsexual sarcastian from the planet smartassia prime, what difference would that make? It doesn't change your flavor of wrong.harry wrote:Dr Skeptic
Dearest????
Are you are girl,,,,,,,,,,, if so,,,,,,,,,,,wow
That would explain alot of things. I get the same thing from my wife.
I better change my tune.
Thing,,,,,,,think
I'll give it a rest when you get it right.Dr Skeptic give it a rest mate, being right or wrong at this moment it is not as important as the information. I have my reasons and there is alot of information that I have to get through.
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What do you mean?An event happened not of our four dimensional universe that caused the Big Bang which created space/time and (or as a byproduct) matter and energy
