APOD: The Colors of Saturn from Cassini (2024 Jun 23)

[APOD Robot]

The Colors of Saturn from Cassini

Explanation: What creates Saturn's colors? The featured picture of Saturn only slightly exaggerates what a human would see if hovering close to the giant ringed world. The image was taken in 2005 by the robot Cassini spacecraft that orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017. Here Saturn's majestic rings appear directly only as a curved line, appearing brown, in part from its infrared glow. The rings best show their complex structure in the dark shadows they create across the upper part of the planet. The northern hemisphere of Saturn can appear partly blue for the same reason that Earth's skies can appear blue -- molecules in the cloudless portions of both planet's atmospheres are better at scattering blue light than red. When looking deep into Saturn's clouds, however, the natural gold hue of Saturn's clouds becomes dominant. It is not known why southern Saturn does not show the same blue hue -- one hypothesis holds that clouds are higher there. It is also not known why some of Saturn's clouds are colored gold.

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[VictorBorun]

in a strange way Saturn's violet-blue atmosphere over amber-yellow clouds mimics albino human's cyan skin over red erythrocytes.
Both situations are an interplay of a pair of complementary colours, creating white or gray where the opponents strike a balance.
Saturn's atmosphere ███ clouds
albino human's skin ███ erythrocytes

[Ann]

Unsurprisingly, I remember this picture from 2005 very well!

Shadows of Saturn's rings on the northern blue hemisphere. Credit: NASA, ESA, Cassini imaging team.

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The Colors of Saturn from Cassini. Image Credit: NASA, ESA, JPL, ISS, Cassini Imaging Team; Processing & License: Judy Schmidt

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So why is the northern hemisphere of Saturn partly blue, at least when seen from certain angles? For the same reason that the cloudless daytime skies of Earth are blue, because of the way sunlight is scattered in the Earth's atmosphere and in Saturn's northern hemisphere atmosphere. So why is the southern hemisphere of Saturn apparently never blue? It's unknown, but it could be that the clouds are higher there. And as we all know, a cloudy sky is not blue.

But not only Saturn is partly blue. Jupiter is, too.

Poster of Jupiter in exaggerated color with two blue hot spots.

Line of hot spots on Jupiter. They are bluer than other features at comparable latitudes of Jupiter. Credit: Cassini/NASA.

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The hot spots of Jupiter are breaks in the cloud cover. They are not brightly blue, but they are bluer than the clouds surrounding them. Read about them here.

Saturn's large orange moon Titan has a layer of blue haze on top of its orange haze (or cloud cover):

Blue haze on Titan on top of its orange cloud cover. Credit: NASA/JPL/Caltech

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Pluto has a thin hazy atmosphere which is blue:

Blue haze bands in Pluto's atmosphere. Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute

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But the bluest feature in the Solar system is Saturn's E ring, which is created when sunlight is scattered in the fine particles from the icy geysers of Saturn's moon Enceladus:

This illustration shows the Cassini spacecraft passing through a giant vapor jet over the moon Enceladus. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

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The icy jets from Enceladus then form the E ring of Saturn:

Cassini images of Enceladus in the E ring (top left, upper center) and computer-generated models of the same scenes. Views from 2006 and 2013, respectively. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute)

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The fine ice particles from the jets of Enceladus form the E ring of Saturn, which is the bluest feature in the solar system. Credit: Cassini/ESA/NASA.

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All these features (with the possible exception of Jupiter's hot spots) are blue because they contain small particles which scatter blue light more efficiently than red and yellow light. So in other words, all these features are blue because they scatter blue light from the Sun more efficiently than they scatter redder light from the Sun.

And that's also why the Pleiades nebulas are so very blue. Of course, these nebulas are even bluer than the E ring, because the Seven Sisters of the Pleiades are intrinsically so much bluer than the Sun, thus providing so much more blue light to scatter.

Blue, blue, blue, blue Pleiades! Credit: Blake Estes (iTelescope Siding Spring Obs.) & Christian Sasse

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Ann

[florid_snow]

Beautiful! So we only get to see Titan's shadow on Saturn about once every 15 years, right? I was looking up in Stellarium and it looks like there will be several visible passes around this time next year.

[AVAO]

[url=https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap240623.html]

Click to view full size image

The Colors of Saturn from Cassini, Judy Schmidt

Actually, we're talking about art here. A worthy evergreen. Congratulations to Judy once again!

[johnnydeep]

[url=https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap240623.html]

Click to view full size image

The Colors of Saturn from Cassini, Judy Schmidt

Actually, we're talking about art here. A worthy evergreen. Congratulations to Judy once again!

Meaning what? Is this a complement or a criticism? Is this APOD more interpretive "art" than "real" photo (for some more scientifically valid definition of real)?