APOD: Messier 88 (2022 Dec 28)

[APOD Robot]

Messier 88

Explanation: Charles Messier described the 88th entry in his 18th century catalog of Nebulae and Star Clusters as a spiral nebula without stars. Of course the gorgeous M88 is now understood to be a galaxy full of stars, gas, and dust, not unlike our own Milky Way. In fact, M88 is one of the brightest galaxies in the Virgo Galaxy Cluster some 50 million light-years away. M88's beautiful spiral arms are easy to trace in this sharp cosmic portait. The arms are lined with young blue star clusters, pink star-forming regions, and obscuring dust lanes extending from a yellowish core dominated by an older population of stars. Spiral galaxy M88 spans over 100,000 light-years.

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[Ann]

One side of M88 has been truncated by ram pressure.

Messier 88. Image Credit & Copyright: Adam Block, Mt. Lemmon SkyCenter, U. Arizona

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I used to find M88 a pretty boring galaxy. I mean, just look at it. Its colors are unexciting, its center is small, its arms are unspectacular. What's to like about it?

But look again. One side of it is suspiciously smooth, and the opposite side is more windblown. And this is the key to what has happened to M88.

M88 probably used to look something like NGC 1232:

NGC 1232. Credit: Josef Pöpsel, Capella Observatory.

In other words, M88 used to be a lot more wild and crazy, with flamboyant arms and a lot of star formation. Ah, but then the Virgo Cluster happened to it!

Large galaxy clusters kill spiral galaxies by driving their gas out of them. These clusters are filled with a thin but super-hot gas and all sorts of tidal forces, which combine to drive the gas out of spiral galaxies.

NGC 4402. It is falling through the Virgo Cluster and suffering ram pressure from the hot intracluster gas. NGC 4402's own gas is being driven out of it. Image credit: ESA/Hubble.

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Large Virgo spiral M90. Its gas is being driven out of it by tidal forces
and ram pressure of the Virgo Cluster. Image: A. Boselli et al.

Eventually, spiral galaxies in large galaxy clusters end up looking like NGC 4921:

NGC 936. Credit: SDSS DR14.

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NGC 4921 an anemic spiral galaxy in the Coma Cluster. Image credit: Hubble Legacy Archive, ESA, NASA

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Or rather, they end up looking like NGC 936.

M74 in infrared light. Credit: JWST/Judy Schmidt.

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Sparkling spiral galaxy M61. Image credit: ESO/PHANGS

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Some galaxies are lucky. Sparkling, flamboyantly star forming M61 sits on the very southern outskirts of the Virgo Cluster, unaffected by the vicious conditions further in. And small elegant M74 is not a member of a galaxy cluster at all.

Ann

[sc02492]

Ann, your explanation should have been part of the APOD caption in my opinion- a missed educational opportunity for the APOD viewership. The ram pressure that smooths out the leading edge of M88 (the long, continuous white line on the right side of your annotated image) has been recognized for over a decade now (see this video from DeepSkyVideos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THUti-X77sU), and it's one of the most interesting aspects of M88. In fact, the leading edge of the galaxy (the edge facing into the ram pressure) is compressed and as a result has more star formation compared to the trailing edge. This can be easily appreciated in the image by the presence of more HII regions in the smooth edge (which is also brighter because it is more dense) compared to the trailing edge. I would like to nominate you as a writer for APOD captions .

Steve

Steve Cannistra
www.starrywonders.com

[orin stepanek]

Windblown M88; Where does the gas go? Would this strip
any planets of their atmospheres? More ?'s more to know?
Mainly; it is a beautiful planet anyway!!!

[Ann]

Ann, you did here what should have been done for the APOD caption and for the original image presented on the Mt. Lemmon website in my opinion. Unfortunately, what we see these days are technically pretty pictures that do not fully describe (or describe at all!) the underlying processes occurring in the image. A missed educational opportunity for the APOD viewership. The ram pressure that smooths out the leading edge of M88 (the long, continuous white line on the right side of your annotated image) has been recognized for over a decade now (see this video from DeepSkyVideos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THUti-X77sU), and it's one of the most interesting aspects of M88. In fact, the leading edge of the galaxy (the edge facing into the ram pressure) is compressed and as a result has more star formation compared to the trailing edge. This can be easily appreciated in the image by the presence of more HII regions in the smooth edge (which is also brighter because it is more dense) compared to the trailing edge. I would like to nominate you as a writer for APOD captions .

Steve

Steve Cannistra
www.starrywonders.com

Thanks a billion, Steve!

But I couldn't even consider taking on such a daily chore. I want to thank the editors of the Astronomy Picture of the Day for the relentless hard work they have taken on to give us our daily fix of APOD!

Thank you!

Ann

[Lasse H]

Can anything interesting be said about the white stars in the lower right? They are just a couple of stars in our galaxy, I guess. But one of them is double.

[VictorBorun]

One side of M88 has been truncated by ram pressure.

Messier 88. Image Credit & Copyright: Adam Block, Mt. Lemmon SkyCenter, U. Arizona

---

I used to find M88 a pretty boring galaxy. I mean, just look at it. Its colors are unexciting, its center is small, its arms are unspectacular. What's to like about it?

But look again. One side of it is suspiciously smooth, and the opposite side is more windblown. And this is the key to what has happened to M88.

Ann

Besides the extended spurs at top left, the disk is asymmetric in the way that it's thicker at its edge and dances when you rotate the image by 180­­°:

Click to view full size image 1 or image 2

Offtopic. Extended claws along with hair-raising is how a rampant red panda is standing its ground

...

[jisles]

Messier didn't describe the 88th entry in his 18th century catalog of Nebulae and Star Clusters as a SPIRAL nebula, as stated in the caption to today's APOD. You can read his original description here: http://www.messier.seds.org/Pics/Mcat/mp262-263.jpg. Translated, it reads "Nebula without star, in the Virgin, between two small stars and a star of sixth magnitude, which appear at the same time as the nebula in the field of the telescope. Its light is one of the faintest and resembles that reported in the Virgin, No 58".

The first recognition of a spiral nebula was of course by William Parsons, Third Earl of Rosse, in 1845.

John

[Cousin Ricky]

Messier 88

Explanation: Charles Messier described the 88th entry in his 18th century catalog of Nebulae and Star Clusters as a spiral nebula without stars. [snip]

Messier never used the word “spiral”; his exact words were “Nébuleuse sans étoile.” Spiral structures were unknown until William Parsons discovered the spiral nature of M51, 61 years after Messier’s description was published.

[johnnydeep]

Ann's explanatory post explains why galaxies are a lot like people, who are also at risk of losing their interesting qualities and uniqueness whenever they join a large group.

Also, very cute "rampant red pandas" Victor!