HEIC: A Unique Cluster: One of the Hidden 15 (Palomar 2)

[bystander]

A Unique Cluster: One of the Hidden 15
ESA/HEIC Hubble Picture of the Week | 2013 Apr 15

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Globular clusters are relatively common in our sky, and generally look similar. However, this image, taken using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, shows a unique example of such a cluster — Palomar 2.

Palomar 2 is part of a group of 15 globulars known as the Palomar clusters. These clusters, as the name suggests, were discovered in survey plates from the first Palomar Observatory Sky Survey in the 1950s, a project that involved some of the most well-known astronomers of the day, including Edwin Hubble. They were discovered quite late because they are so faint — each is either extremely remote, very heavily hidden behind blankets of dust, or has a very small number of remaining stars.

This particular cluster is unique in more than one way. For one, it is the only globular cluster that we see in this part of the sky, the northern constellation of Auriga (The Charioteer). Globular clusters orbit the centre of a galaxy like the Milky Way in the same way that satellites circle around the Earth. This means that they normally lie closer in to the galactic centre than we do, and so we almost always see them in the same region of the sky. Palomar 2 is an exception to this, as it is around five times further away from the centre of the Milky Way than other clusters. It also lies in the opposite direction — further out than Earth — and so it is classed as an “outer halo” globular.

It is also unusual due to its brightness. The cluster is veiled by a mask of dust, dampening the apparent brightness of the stars within it and making it appear as a very faint burst of stars. The stunning NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image above shows Palomar 2 in a way that could not be captured from smaller or ground-based telescopes — some amateur astronomers with large telescopes attempt to observe all of the obscure and well-hidden Palomar 15 as a challenge, to see how many they can pick out from the starry sky.

Credit: NASA/ESA/Hubble

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[Ann]

While it is hard to judge the color gradient of this cluster, due to the fact that it was photographed through only two filters (a yellow-orange one at 606 nm and an invisible infrared one at 814 nm), it is nevertheless a striking fact that the cluster appears blue in the center and red in the outskirts of it.

Colorwise, it looks like a spiral galaxy in reverse. Fascinating.

Ann

[Beyond]

Hmm... to me, it's bluish in the center and goldish on the outskirts.

[rstevenson]

Here's a blowup showing the colours in detail, taken near the center of the very large JPG available at the HEIC site...

P2_grab.jpg (73.07 KiB) Viewed 441 times

Notice how the center of each star is white. As you can see, the blues and "reds" seem to come from image artifacts, though they no doubt represent real colour differences among the stars, as recorded (in B&W) through those two filters. At this distance, any star is smaller than a single pixel, so the apparent sizes are just saturation of surrounding pixels and therefore are indicative of brightness rather than actual size, (though brightness and size can have a correlation.)

Rob

[Willy]

Impressive image, I had never heard about the Palomar clusters before, glad to have learned something new again.

Here's a Spanish translation I made.