by owlice » Sat Apr 04, 2015 7:02 am
2005 April 22
In 1905
Albert Einstein had a miraculous
year.
One hundred years ago, he wrote four papers which revolutionized our understanding of the Universe. The papers outlined; the idea that
light could behave as a quantized particle (a photon), an explanation of the
thermal motion of atoms and molecules (at a time when atoms themselves were just theories), a theory
reconciling motion and the constant speed of light (
Special Relativity), and the idea of
mass-energy equivalence (
E=mc²). Virtually every facet of our modern exploration of the Universe is touched by his now century old insights, along with his later theory of
gravity and space-time- General Relativity. In centennial celebration,
consider this thoughtful view of a small telescope beside the
Einstein Memorial on the grounds of the National Academy of Sciences in Washington DC, USA. The marble platform at the bronze statue's feet is embedded with a map showing the positions of the planets, sun, moon and stars on the memorial's dedication date, 100 years after Einstein's birth in 1879.
Albert Einstein died 50 years ago, on April 18, 1955.
2002 February 24
Sir Isaac Newton changed the world. Born in 1642,
Newton was only an above-average student. But he went home from
Cambridge one summer in 1665, thought a lot about the physical nature of the world, and came back two years later with a revolutionary understanding of
mathematics,
gravitation, and
optics. A
Professor of his, upon understanding what
Newton had done, resigned his own position at Cambridge so
Newton could have it.
Newton's
calculus provided a new mathematical framework for the rapid solution of whole classes of physical problems.
Newton's
law of gravitation explained in one simple formula how apples fall and planets move. Newton's insights proved to be so overwhelmingly powerful he was the
first scientist ever knighted.
2002 January 13
Sixteen hundred years ago,
Hypatia became one of the world's leading scholars in mathematics and astronomy.
Hypatia's legendary knowledge, modesty, and public speaking ability flourished during the era of the
Great Library of Alexandria. Hypatia is credited with contributions to geometry and
astrometry, and she is thought instrumental in the development of the sky-measuring
astrolabe. "Reserve your right to think, for even to think wrongly is better than not to think at all,"
Hypatia is credited with saying. "To teach superstitions as truth is a most terrible thing."
2000 September 3
Humanity's understanding of the relative brightness and variability of stars was revolutionized by the work of
Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868-1921). Working at
Harvard College Observatory, Leavitt precisely calibrated the photographic
magnitudes of 47 stars to which all other stars could be compared.
Leavitt discovered and cataloged over 1500
variable stars in the nearby
Magellanic Clouds. From this catalog,
Leavitt discovered that brighter
Cepheid variable stars take longer to vary, a fact used today to calibrate the
distance scale of our universe.
June 6, 1999
Johannes Kepler used simple mathematics to describe how planets move.
Kepler was an assistant to the most accurate astronomical observer of the time,
Tycho Brahe.
Kepler was able to use
Brahe's data to show that planets move in ellipses around the Sun (
Kepler's First Law), that planets move proportionally faster in their orbits when they are nearer the Sun (
Kepler's Second Law), and that more distant planets take proportionally longer to orbit the Sun (
Kepler's Third Law).Kepler lived from 1571 to 1630, during the time of discovery of the telescope.
Kepler was one of the few vocal supporters of
Galileo's discoveries and the
Copernican system of planets orbiting the
Sun instead of the
Earth.
May 30, 1999
Tycho Brahe was the most meticulous astronomical observer of his time.
Brahe, who lived between 1546 and 1601,set out to solve the day's most pressing astronomical problem:to determine whether the
Earth or the
Sun was at the center of the
Solar System. To do this he and his assistants created the first major astronomical observatory where they devised and used the most accurate
pre-telescopic astronomical instruments.
Tycho Brahe thus compiled tables of precise measurements of the positions and brightnesses of planets and stars.
Brahenever solved the Solar System problem himself -but left data so impressively accurate his assistant
Johannes Keplerwas able to develop definitive laws.
Brahe is also remembered for witnessing a supernova in 1572,showing that the Great Comet of 1577 was not an atmospheric phenomena, and for his
metal nose
September 13, 1998
Galileo Galilei made a good discovery great. Upon hearing at age 40 that a
Dutch optician had invented a glass that made distant objects appear larger,
Galileo crafted his own
telescope and turned it toward the
sky.
Galileo quickly discovered that our
Moon had
craters, that
Jupiter had its own
moons, that the
Sun has
spots, and that
Venus has phases like our
Moon.
Galileo, who lived from 1564 to 1642, made many more discoveries.
Galileoclaimed that his observations only made sense if all the planets revolved around the
Sun, as championed by
Aristarchus and
Copernicus, not the
Earth,as was commonly believed then. The powerful
Inquisition made
Galileo publicly
recant this conclusion, but today we know he was correct.
October 1, 1997
"Do not look at stars as bright spots only - try to take in the vastness of the universe." Today is the 150th anniversary of the day
Maria Mitchell swept the sky with her telescope and discovered the
comet of 1847 (comet Mitchell 1847VI). Honored and recognized internationally for her discovery,
Mitchell, who lived from 1818 to 1889, became one of the most famous American
scientists of her day.
Vassar College appointed
Mitchell the
first woman Professor of Astronomy and she remained the only woman ever elected to the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences until 1943. Mitchell mentored a generation of scientists, and is fondly remembered for her ability to motivate. "We especially need imagination in science,"
Maria Mitchell said. "Question everything."
December 26, 1996
Carl Sagan died last Friday at the age of 62.
Saganwas the world's most famous astronomer. Among his many activities as a scientist, he contributed to the discovery that the atmosphere of
Venus is prohibitively hot and dense, and found evidence that
Saturn's moon
Titan contains oceans stocked with the building blocks of life.
Saganwas an outspoken proponent of the
search for extra-terrestrial life,including
sending probes to other planets and listening with
large radio telescopes for signals from intelligent aliens.
Sagan's outstanding ability to explain allowed almost a billion people to better understand the cosmos in which they live.
September 1, 1995
On August 21, 1995 one of the greatest astrophysicists of modern times passed away. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was a creative, prolific genius whose ability to combine mathematical precision with physical insight changed humanity's view of stellar physics. His most famous discovery was that not all stars end up as
white dwarf stars, but those retaining mass above a certain limit - today known as "Chandrasekhar's limit," undergo further collapse. His detailed mathematical papers and
books on a wide variety of astrophysical subjects, including, for example, black holes, are classic references for research at every level. Obituaries are available from the
University of Chicago Press and
Reuters News Service, and a
WWW page has been set-up to record personal memories.
[hr][/hr]
[b][i]2005 April 22[/i][/b][c][url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050422.html][size=150][b]Albert Einstein's Miraculous Year[/b][/size][/url][/c]
[float=left][img6="Image Credit & Copyright: Greg Piepol"]http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0504/einsteinNAS_piepol_c90.jpg[/img6][hr][/hr][/float]In 1905 [url=http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/index.html]Albert Einstein had[/url] a miraculous [url=http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/chron-1905.htm]year[/url]. [url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/7327050/]One hundred[/url] years ago, he wrote four papers which revolutionized our understanding of the Universe. The papers outlined; the idea that [url=http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/essay-photoelectric.htm]light could[/url] behave as a quantized particle (a photon), an explanation of the [url=http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/brownian.htm]thermal motion[/url] of atoms and molecules (at a time when atoms themselves were just theories), a theory [url=http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/essay-einstein-relativity.htm]reconciling motion[/url] and the constant speed of light ([url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/]Special Relativity[/url]), and the idea of [url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/E_mc2/www/]mass-energy[/url] equivalence ([url=http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/emc1.htm]E=mc²[/url]). Virtually every facet of our modern exploration of the Universe is touched by his now century old insights, along with his later theory of [url=http://whyfiles.org/052einstein/frame_drag4.html]gravity and space-time[/url]- General Relativity. In centennial celebration, [url=http://www.sungazer.net/einstein.html]consider this[/url] thoughtful view of a small telescope beside the [url=http://www4.nas.edu/nas/nashome.nsf/b57ef1bf2404952b852566dd00671bfd/5bafc8ca01417086852566ea005ecfb1]Einstein Memorial[/url] on the grounds of the National Academy of Sciences in Washington DC, USA. The marble platform at the bronze statue's feet is embedded with a map showing the positions of the planets, sun, moon and stars on the memorial's dedication date, 100 years after Einstein's birth in 1879. [url=http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/einlinks.htm]Albert Einstein[/url] died 50 years ago, on April 18, 1955.
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[b][i]2002 February 24[/i][/b][c][url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap020224.html][size=150][b]Isaac Newton Explains the Solar System[/b][/size][/url][/c]
[float=left][img6="Credit: Enoch Seeman [url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Newton.html]portrait[/url] in 1726"]http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0007/IsaacNewton.jpg[/img6][hr][/hr][/float]Sir Isaac Newton changed the world. Born in 1642, [url=http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/Catalog/Files/newton.html]Newton[/url] was only an above-average student. But he went home from [url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/]Cambridge[/url] one summer in 1665, thought a lot about the physical nature of the world, and came back two years later with a revolutionary understanding of [url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/The_rise_of_calculus.html]mathematics[/url], [url=http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/newtongrav.html]gravitation[/url], and [url=http://phyun5.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node58.html]optics[/url]. A [url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Barrow.html]Professor of his[/url], upon understanding what [url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Newton.html]Newton[/url] had done, resigned his own position at Cambridge so [url=http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newton.html]Newton[/url] could have it. [url=http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html]Newton[/url]'s [url=http://archives.math.utk.edu/calculus/whats_new.html]calculus[/url] provided a new mathematical framework for the rapid solution of whole classes of physical problems. [url=http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/newton.html]Newton[/url]'s [url=http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/physics/circ/node7.html]law of gravitation[/url] explained in one simple formula how apples fall and planets move. Newton's insights proved to be so overwhelmingly powerful he was the [url=http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~rsauzier/Newton.html]first scientist ever knighted[/url].
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[b][i]2002 January 13[/i][/b][c][url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap020113.html][size=150][b]Hypatia of Alexandria[/b][/size][/url][/c]
[float=left][img6=""]http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0201/hypatia.jpg[/img6][hr][/hr][/float]Sixteen hundred years ago, [url=http://www.scottlan.edu/lriddle/women/hypatia.htm]Hypatia[/url] became one of the world's leading scholars in mathematics and astronomy. [url=http://cosmopolis.com/people/hypatia.html]Hypatia[/url]'s legendary knowledge, modesty, and public speaking ability flourished during the era of the [url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/GreekScience/Students/Ellen/Museum.html]Great Library of Alexandria[/url]. Hypatia is credited with contributions to geometry and [url=http://ad.usno.navy.mil/]astrometry[/url], and she is thought instrumental in the development of the sky-measuring [url=http://www.astrolabes.org/]astrolabe[/url]. "Reserve your right to think, for even to think wrongly is better than not to think at all," [url=http://www.astr.ua.edu/4000WS/HYPATIA.html]Hypatia[/url] is credited with saying. "To teach superstitions as truth is a most terrible thing."
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[b][i]2000 September 3[/i][/b][c][url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap000903.html][size=150][b]Henrietta Leavitt Calibrates the Stars[/b][/size][/url][/c]
[float=left][img6="Credit: [url=http://www.aavso.org/]AAVSO[/url]"]http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/0009/leavitt_aavso.jpg[/img6][hr][/hr][/float]Humanity's understanding of the relative brightness and variability of stars was revolutionized by the work of [url=http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/Phase2/Leavitt,_Henrietta_Swan@871234567.html]Henrietta Swan Leavitt[/url] (1868-1921). Working at [url=http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/hco-home.html]Harvard College Observatory[/url], Leavitt precisely calibrated the photographic [url=http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/universe/MAG.HTML]magnitudes[/url] of 47 stars to which all other stars could be compared. [url=http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/lea.html]Leavitt[/url] discovered and cataloged over 1500 [url=http://hoa.aavso.org/]variable stars[/url] in the nearby [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap980203.html]Magellanic Clouds[/url]. From this catalog, [url=http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/articles/leavitt/leavitt.note.html]Leavitt discovered[/url] that brighter [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap960110.html]Cepheid variable stars[/url] take longer to vary, a fact used today to calibrate the [url=http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/debate/debate96.html]distance scale of our universe[/url].
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[b][i]June 6, 1999[/i][/b][c][url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap990606.html][size=150][b]Kepler Discovers How Planets Move[/b][/size][/url][/c]
[float=left][img6="Credit: Johnnes Kepler Gesammelte Werke , C. H. Beck, 1937"]http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/kepler_hist.gif[/img6][hr][/hr][/float]Johannes Kepler used simple mathematics to describe how planets move. [url=http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/People/kepler.html]Kepler[/url] was an assistant to the most accurate astronomical observer of the time, [url=http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/People/tycho_brahe.html]Tycho Brahe[/url]. [url=http://www.phys.virginia.edu/classes/109N/1995/lectures/kepler.html]Kepler[/url] was able to use [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap960915.html]Brahe[/url]'s data to show that planets move in ellipses around the Sun ([url=http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~soper/Orbits/kepler1.html]Kepler's First Law[/url]), that planets move proportionally faster in their orbits when they are nearer the Sun ([url=http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~soper/Orbits/kepler2.html]Kepler's Second Law[/url]), and that more distant planets take proportionally longer to orbit the Sun ([url=http://scruffy.phast.umass.edu/a114/math1/node1.html]Kepler's Third Law[/url]).Kepler lived from 1571 to 1630, during the time of discovery of the telescope. [url=http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_kepler.html]Kepler[/url] was one of the few vocal supporters of [url=ap980913.html]Galileo[/url]'s discoveries and the [url=http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~soper/Orbits/copernicus.html]Copernican system[/url] of planets orbiting the [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap960518.html]Sun[/url] instead of the [url=http://www.seds.org/nineplanets/nineplanets/earth.html]Earth[/url].
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[b][i]May 30, 1999[/i][/b][c][url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap990530.html][size=150][b]Tycho Brahe Measures the Sky[/b][/size][/url][/c]
[float=left][img6="Credit: [url=http://www.nada.kth.se/~fred/tbgv/]Tycho Brahes Glada Vänner[/url]"]http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/tycho_brahe.gif[/img6][hr][/hr][/float]Tycho Brahe was the most meticulous astronomical observer of his time. [url=http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/People/tycho_brahe.html]Brahe[/url], who lived between 1546 and 1601,set out to solve the day's most pressing astronomical problem:to determine whether the [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap990131.html]Earth[/url] or the [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap960521.html]Sun[/url] was at the center of the [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap990505.html]Solar System[/url]. To do this he and his assistants created the first major astronomical observatory where they devised and used the most accurate [url=ap980506.html]pre-telescopic astronomical instruments[/url]. [url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Brahe.html]Tycho Brahe[/url] thus compiled tables of precise measurements of the positions and brightnesses of planets and stars.[url=http://www.nada.kth.se/~fred/tycho.html]Brahe[/url]never solved the Solar System problem himself -but left data so impressively accurate his assistant[url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap970913.html]Johannes Kepler[/url]was able to develop definitive laws. [url=http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/Catalog/Files/brahe.html]Brahe[/url] is also remembered for witnessing a supernova in 1572,showing that the Great Comet of 1577 was not an atmospheric phenomena, and for his [url=http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/Images/Port/brahe2.gif]metal nose[/url]
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[b][i]September 13, 1998[/i][/b][c][url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap980913.html][size=150][b]Galileo Demonstrates the Telescope[/b][/size][/url][/c]
[float=left][img6=""]http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/galileo_hist.gif[/img6][hr][/hr][/float]Galileo Galilei made a good discovery great. Upon hearing at age 40 that a [url=http://es.rice.edu:80/ES/humsoc/Galileo/People/lipperhey.html]Dutch optician[/url] had invented a glass that made distant objects appear larger, [url=http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/galileo/About/galileobio.html]Galileo[/url] crafted his own [url=http://es.rice.edu:80/ES/humsoc/Galileo/Things/telescope.html]telescope[/url] and turned it toward the [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap960418.html]sky[/url]. [url=http://www.lucidcafe.com/lucidcafe/library/96feb/galileo.html]Galileo[/url] quickly discovered that our [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap960420.html]Moon[/url] had [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap980909.html]craters[/url], that [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap951013.html]Jupiter[/url] had its own [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap960815.html]moons[/url], that the [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap951004.html]Sun[/url] has [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap980322.html]spots[/url], and that [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap950815.html]Venus[/url] has phases like our [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/lib/moon.html]Moon[/url].[url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Galileo.html]Galileo[/url], who lived from 1564 to 1642, made many more discoveries. [url=http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/museo/4/index.html]Galileo[/url]claimed that his observations only made sense if all the planets revolved around the [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap980830.html]Sun[/url], as championed by [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap971108.html]Aristarchus[/url] and [url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Copernicus.html]Copernicus[/url], not the [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap971026.html]Earth[/url],as was commonly believed then. The powerful [url=http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/Things/inquisition.html]Inquisition[/url] made [url=http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/galileo_timeline.html]Galileo[/url] publicly [url=http://www.math.gatech.edu/~jkatz/Islam/Science/galileo.html]recant this conclusion[/url], but today we know he was correct.
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[b][i]October 1, 1997[/i][/b][c][url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap971001.html][size=150][b]Maria Mitchell Inspires a Generation[/b][/size][/url][/c]
[float=left][img6="Credit and Copyright: Helen Wright"]http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9710/mitchell_hw.jpg[/img6][hr][/hr][/float]"Do not look at stars as bright spots only - try to take in the vastness of the universe." Today is the 150th anniversary of the day [url=http://www.mmo.org/]Maria Mitchell[/url] swept the sky with her telescope and discovered the [url=http://medicine.wustl.edu/~kronkg/comet.html]comet[/url] of 1847 (comet Mitchell 1847VI). Honored and recognized internationally for her discovery, [url=http://www.astr.ua.edu/4000WS/MITCHELL.html]Mitchell[/url], who lived from 1818 to 1889, became one of the most famous American [url=http://www.astr.ua.edu/4000WS/]scientists[/url] of her day. [url=http://www.vassar.edu/]Vassar College[/url] appointed [url=http://noether.vassar.edu/astro/mamitchell.html]Mitchell[/url] the [url=http://noether.vassar.edu/Astronomy.html]first woman Professor of Astronomy[/url] and she remained the only woman ever elected to the [url=http://www.amacad.org/]American Academy of Arts and Sciences[/url] until 1943. Mitchell mentored a generation of scientists, and is fondly remembered for her ability to motivate. "We especially need imagination in science," [url=http://www2.lucidcafe.com/lucidcafe/library/95aug/mitchell.html]Maria Mitchell[/url] said. "Question everything."
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[b][i]December 26, 1996[/i][/b][c][url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap961226.html][size=150][b]Carl Sagan 1934-1996[/b][/size][/url][/c]
[float=left][img6="Credit and Copyright: 1994 by Michael Okoniewski"]http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/9612/sagan_uc.gif[/img6][hr][/hr][/float]Carl Sagan died last Friday at the age of 62. [url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/general/Dec96/saganobit.ltb.html]Sagan[/url]was the world's most famous astronomer. Among his many activities as a scientist, he contributed to the discovery that the atmosphere of [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap960923.html]Venus[/url] is prohibitively hot and dense, and found evidence that [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/lib/saturn.html]Saturn[/url]'s moon [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap951021.html]Titan[/url] [url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1985setl%2Esymp%2E%2E107S&db_key=AST]contains oceans stocked with the building blocks of life[/url]. [url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/science/space/lss041.htm]Sagan[/url]was an outspoken proponent of the [url=http://www.seti-inst.edu/]search for extra-terrestrial life[/url],including [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap960720.html]sending probes to other planets[/url] and listening with [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap960309.html]large radio telescopes[/url] for signals from intelligent aliens. [url=http://planetary.org/tps/articlearchive/headlines/headln-122296.html]Sagan[/url]'s outstanding ability to explain allowed almost a billion people to better understand the cosmos in which they live.
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[b][i]September 1, 1995[/i][/b][c][url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap950901.html][size=150][b]Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1910-1995[/b][/size][/url][/c]
[float=left][img6="Credit: University of Chicago Press, S. Chandrasekhar
Copyright: 1989 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Used by permission."]http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/chandra_uc.gif[/img6][hr][/hr][/float]On August 21, 1995 one of the greatest astrophysicists of modern times passed away. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was a creative, prolific genius whose ability to combine mathematical precision with physical insight changed humanity's view of stellar physics. His most famous discovery was that not all stars end up as [url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/lib/glossary.html#wd]white dwarf[/url] stars, but those retaining mass above a certain limit - today known as "Chandrasekhar's limit," undergo further collapse. His detailed mathematical papers and [url=http://astro.uchicago.edu/chandra/chandra.html]books[/url] on a wide variety of astrophysical subjects, including, for example, black holes, are classic references for research at every level. Obituaries are available from the [url=http://astro.uchicago.edu/chandra/ucpress.html]University of Chicago Press[/url] and [url=http://astro.uchicago.edu/chandra/reuter]Reuters News Service[/url], and a [url=http://astro.uchicago.edu/rranch/chandra.html]WWW page[/url] has been set-up to record personal memories.
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