Starship Asterisk*

The recent study utilizing data from the Gaia spacecraft provides intriguing insights, revealing that the Milky Way's mass is significantly less than previous estimates. By analyzing the galaxy's rotation curve, researchers have placed the Milky Way's mass at about 200 billion solar masses, with an upper limit of 540 billion. This finding not only refines our understanding of the galaxy's total mass but also suggests that the Milky Way contains much less dark matter than previously believed. Such studies are crucial as they enhance our comprehension of galactic dynamics and the fundamental composition of our universe.

When I read that a new finding has determined a value of only a fifth of the previous standard value, I ask myself what the group did differently or why all other previous groups were wrong. I am not an astronomer and only quickly skimmed through the arXiv paper. As far as I understand the new finding comes from a) new data from the Gaia satellite and b) (in section 5.4) that other methods assumed an equilibrium which might not exist. I am interested in reading the assessment of an astronomer on this.

https://www.universetoday.com/163448/the-milky-ways-mass-is-much-lower-than-we-thought/

[float=right][img3="The rotation curve of our galaxy compared to the Keplerian rotation curve. Credit: Jiao, Hammer et al. / Observatoire de Paris – PSL / CNRS / ESA / Gaia / ESO / S. Brunie"]https://www.universetoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/curve.jpg[/img3][/float][quote][url=https://www.universetoday.com/163448/the-milky-ways-mass-is-much-lower-than-we-thought/]Universe Today[/url] wrote:

How massive is the Milky Way? It’s an easy question to ask, but a difficult one to answer. Imagine a single cell in your body trying to determine your total mass, and you get an idea of how difficult it can be. Despite the challenges, a new study has calculated an accurate mass of our galaxy, and it’s smaller than we thought.

One way to determine a galaxy’s mass is by looking at what’s known as its rotation curve. Measure the speed of stars in a galaxy versus their distance from the galactic center. The speed at which a star orbits is proportional to the amount of mass within its orbit, so from a galaxy’s rotation curve you can map the function of mass per radius and get a good idea of its total mass.
...
This new study is based on the third data release of the Gaia spacecraft.
...
The Keplerian decline allows the team to place a clear upper limit on the mass of the Milky Way. What they found was surprising. The best fit to their data placed the mass at about 200 billion solar masses, which is a fifth of previous estimates. The absolute upper mass limit for the Milky Way is 540 billion, meaning that the Milky Way is at least half as massive as we thought. Given the amount of known regular matter in the galaxy, this means the Milky Way has significantly less dark matter than we thought.
[/quote]

Jiao, Yongjun, et al. “[url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.00048]Detection of the Keplerian decline in the Milky Way rotation curve[/url].” arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.00048 (2023).